ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects both children and adults.
The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but it likely involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors.
Types of ADHD:
Inattentive Type: Primarily characterized by difficulties in sustaining attention, organizing tasks, and following through on responsibilities.
Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: Marked by excessive physical restlessness, impulsive behavior, and difficulty waiting for one’s turn.
Combined Type: A combination of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
Common Symptoms:
· Inattention:
Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or work tasks.
Difficulty sustaining attention during tasks or play.
Forgetfulness in daily activities.
· Hyperactivity:
Fidgeting or tapping hands/feet.
Inability to stay seated.
Excessive talking.
· Impulsivity:
Interrupting others during conversations.
Difficulty waiting for one’s turn.
Impulsively making decisions without considering consequences.
Diagnosis and Assessment:
A comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional is essential.
Criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) guide the diagnosis.
Assessment includes interviews, behavioral observations, and rating scales.
Treatment Options:
· Behavioral Therapy:
Helps improve organizational skills, time management, and coping strategies.
Parent training programs are effective for children.
· Medication:
Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamine) enhance focus and attention.
Non-stimulant options (e.g., atomoxetine) are available.
· Lifestyle Modifications:
Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and a balanced diet can support overall well-being.
Coping Strategies:
Use visual cues (e.g., calendars, reminders) to stay organized.
Break tasks into smaller, manageable steps.
Create a structured routine.
Practice mindfulness and stress reduction techniques.
References:
https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/about/index.html
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4784-attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd
https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/attention-deficithyperactivity-disorder-adhd
